Freakonomics Radio

It brings strangers together. It teaches probability, strategy, and emotional control. It has even helped N.F.L. teams win the Super Bowl. Stephen Dubner explores why this ancient game is having a renaissance. (Part two of a series, “We Are All Gamers Now.”) SOURCES:  Remington Davenport, founder of NYC Backgammon Club. Frank Frigo, game strategy expert & two-time world backgammon champion. Masayuki "Mochy" Mochizuki, professional backgammon player. Marc Olsen, C.E.O. of Backgammon Galaxy. Robert Wachtel, author and professional backgammon player.   RESOURCES: The Backgammon Chronicles

As the Trump administration rolls back environmental regulations, we revisit a 2022 episode that explored the hidden cost of an invisible threat: air pollution.   SOURCES: Angela Duckworth, psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania. Michael Greenstone, economist at the University of Chicago, director of the Energy Policy Institute, co-director of the Climate Impact Lab. Stephan Heblich, economist at the University of Toronto. Andrea La Nauze, economist at Deakin University. Steve Levitt, professor emeritus of economics at the University of Chicago. Edson Severnini, economist at Bost

Another war in the Middle East. A retreat from the international order. A presidency built on self-dealing and arbitrary power. It’s enough to make you think the U.S. is in a steep decline — but Fareed Zakaria thinks otherwise. SOURCES: Fareed Zakaria, journalist and author.   RESOURCES: "Iran is an imperial trap. America walked right in." by Fareed Zakaria (The Washington Post, 2026). "‘Bomb and hope’ is not a strategy," by Fareed Zakaria (The Washington Post, 2026). Age of Revolutions: Progress and Backlash from 1600 to the Present, by Fareed Zakaria (2024). The Accidental Superpower

In his final years, Richard Feynman's curiosity took him to some surprising places. We hear from his companions on the trips he took — and one he wasn’t able to. (Part three of a three-part series originally published in 2024.)    SOURCES:  Alan Alda, actor and screenwriter. Barbara Berg, friend of Richard Feynman. Helen Czerski, physicist and oceanographer at University College London. Michelle Feynman, photographer and daughter of Richard Feynman. Cheryl Haley, friend of Richard Feynman. Debby Harlow, friend of Richard Feynman. Ralph Leighton, biographer and film producer. Charles Mann

What happens when an existentially depressed and recently widowed young physicist from Queens gets a fresh start in California? We follow Richard Feynman out west, to explore his long and extremely fruitful second act. (Part two of a three-part series originally published in 2024.)   SOURCES: Seamus Blackley, video game designer and creator of the Xbox. Carl Feynman, computer scientist and son of Richard Feynman. Michelle Feynman, photographer and daughter of Richard Feynman. Ralph Leighton, biographer and film producer. Charles Mann, science journalist and author. John Preskill, profess

From the Manhattan Project to the Challenger investigation, the physicist Richard Feynman loved to shoot down what he called “lousy ideas.” Today, the world is awash in lousy ideas — so maybe it’s time to get some more Feynman in our lives? (Part one of a three-part series originally published in 2024.)   SOURCES: Helen Czerski, physicist and oceanographer at University College London. Michelle Feynman, photographer and daughter of Richard Feynman. Ralph Leighton, biographer and film producer. Charles Mann, science journalist and author. John Preskill, professor of theoretical physics at

Not exactly. But their runaway success with games like Wordle says something bigger about the way we live now. (Part one of a series, “We Are All Gamers Now.”) SOURCES: Alex Hardiman, chief product officer at The New York Times. Jonathan Knight, S.V.P. and general manager for New York Times Games. Eric Zimmerman, game designer, professor of game design at the N.Y.U. Game Center.   RESOURCES: "Wordle Is a Love Story," by Daniel Victor (New York Times, 2022). The Rules We Break: Lessons in Play, Thinking, and Design, by Eric Zimmerman (2022). Thinking Inside the Box: Adventures with Cros

Great. Then depressed. Then great again. Stephen Dubner gets the full story from David Lang; we also hear from some fans, and the New York Philharmonic’s president. The math and the aftermath of wealth of nations. (Part two of a series.)   SOURCES: David Lang, composer and professor at the Yale School of Music. Matías Tarnopolsky, president and C.E.O. of the New York Philharmonic.   RESOURCES: "Finally, an Opera About Economics," by Stacey Vanek Smith (Bloomberg, 2026). "The Little Match Girl Passion," by David Lang (2023). The Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith (1776).   EXTRAS:

Economists and politicians have turned him into a mascot for free-market ideology. Some on the left say the right has badly misread him. In this updated replay of a 2022 episode, we hold a very Smithy tug of war.   SOURCES: Eamonn Butler, co-founder and director of the Adam Smith Institute. Glory Liu, a political scientist and Adam Smith scholar at Georgetown University. Mariana Mazzucato, professor in the economics of innovation and public value at University College London. Dennis Rasmussen, a professor of political science at Syracuse University. Russ Roberts, president of Shalem Coll

That’s what the Pulitzer Prize-winning composer David Lang wanted to learn. So he turned Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations into an oratorio. We tag along as Lang’s piece heads toward its world premiere with the New York Philharmonic. (Part one of a two-part series.)   SOURCES: Fleur Barron, opera singer and mezzo-soprano. David Lang, composer and professor at the Yale School of Music.   RESOURCES: "Finally, an Opera About Economics," by Stacey Vanek Smith (Bloomberg, 2026). "The Little Match Girl Passion," by David Lang (2023). The Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith (1776).   EXTRA

Epic Systems manages the electronic health records for hundreds of millions of people. This makes Faulkner a healthcare heavyweight and one of the most successful female entrepreneurs in history. So why haven’t we ever heard much from her? Stephen Dubner travels to Verona, Wisc., to explore the Faulknerverse.   SOURCES: Judy Faulkner, C.E.O. and founder of Epic Systems. Seth Howard, executive vice president of research and development at Epic Systems.   RESOURCES: "Epic Systems (MyChart)," by Acquired (2025). "Federal antitrust lawsuit against Wisconsin-based Epic Systems will move

New York City’s mayor called them “public enemy number one.” History books say they caused the Black Death — although recent scientific evidence disputes that claim. In an updated episode from 2025, we ask: Is the rat a scapegoat? And what does our rat hatred say about us?   SOURCES: Bethany Brookshire, author of Pests: How Humans Create Animal Villains. Kathy Corradi, senior vice president of resident services, partnerships, and initiatives at the New York City Housing Authority. Ed Glaeser, professor of economics at Harvard University. Nils Stenseth, professor of ecology and evolution

One possibility: a leading hypothesis pursued by researchers (and funders) was built on science that now appears to be fraudulent. Stephen Dubner speaks with the scientist and the journalist who blew the whistle.   SOURCES: Charles Piller, investigative journalist for Science, author of Doctored. Matthew Schrag, associate professor of neurology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.   RESOURCES: Doctored: Fraud, Arrogance, and Tragedy in the Quest to Cure Alzheimer's, by Charles Piller (2025). "The brain makes a lot of waste. Now scientists think they know where it goes," by Jon H

How do beekeepers make a living? Why is there so much honey fraud? And why did billions of bees suddenly disappear? To find out, guest host Steve Levitt activates his hive mind.   SOURCES: Alex Sapoznik, historian, reader in late medieval history at King’s College London. Chris Hiatt, past president of the American Honey Producers Association, owner of Hiatt Honey Company. Michael Roberts, founding executive director of the Resnick Center for Food Law and Policy at U.C.L.A. Law School. Walter "Wally" Thurman, professor emeritus of agricultural economics at North Carolina State University

Nearly everything that politicians say about taxes is at least half a lie. They are also dishonest when it comes to the national debt. In this update of an episode from 2025, Stephen Dubner finds one of the few people in Washington who is willing to tell the truth — and it’s even worse than you think.   SOURCES: Jessica Riedl, budget and tax fellow at the Brookings Institution.   RESOURCES: "How Did DOGE Disrupt So Much While Saving So Little?" by Emily Badger, David Fahrenthold, Alicia Parlapiano, and Margot Sanger-Katz (New York Times, 2025). "Correcting the Top 10 Tax Myths," by

Is it tradition … or protectionism? And what happens when the bourbon boom turns into a glut?   SOURCES: Andrew Muhammad, agricultural economist at the University of Tennessee. Brad Patrick, executive in residence and lecturer at the University of Kentucky Gatton College of Business and Economics, bourbon fellow at the James B. Beam Institute for Kentucky Spirits. Danny Kahn, master distiller and distillation and aging operations director at Sazerac. Ken Troske, labor economist and chair of the economics department at the University of Kentucky.   RESOURCES: "America's Bourbon Boom

As one researcher told us: “We’ve engineered a world where the most distracting device ever made is also the one we use to listen to music in the car." A new study tries to measure the cost.   SOURCES: Bapu Jena, economist, physician, and professor at Harvard Medical School. Chris Worsham, pulmonary and critical-care physician at Mass General Hospital, health-policy and public-health researcher at Harvard Medical School. Vishal Patel, surgery resident at Brigham and Women's Hospital, researcher at Harvard Medical School.   RESOURCES: "Smartphones, Online Music Streaming, and Traffic

In blue cities across the country, unions and politicians want to ban self-driving cars. In this episode from the Search Engine podcast, PJ Vogt visits Boston to sort the facts from the propaganda. (Part two of a two-part series.)   SOURCES: Carl Richardson, ADA coordinator for the Massachusetts State House, president of the Guide Dog Users of Massachusetts. Gabriela Coletta Zapata, Boston City councilor from District 1. Julia Mejia, Boston City councilor at-large. Timothy B. Lee, author of Understanding AI newsletter.   RESOURCES: "Waymo Hits a Rough Patch in Washington, DC," by Aa

How a secret project at Google led to driverless cars on American roads.  Freakonomics Radio shares a story from our friends at Search Engine. (Part one of a two-part series.)   SOURCES: Alex Davies, author of Driven: The Race To Create the Autonomous Car. Chris Urmson, co-founder and C.E.O. of Aurora. Don Burnette, founder and C.E.O. of Kodiak AI. PJ Vogt, reporter, writer, and host of the Search Engine podcast. Sebastian Thrun, roboticist, C.E.O. of Sage AI Labs, adjunct faculty at Stanford University. Timothy B. Lee, author of Understanding AI newsletter.   RESOURCES: "Very few o

A ruthless (and ruthlessly efficient) industry is using digital tools to supercharge one of the world’s oldest behaviors. We look at how the industry works, and ask the scam-fighters what they’re doing about it.   SOURCES: Kati Daffan, former assistant director at the Federal Trade Commission's Division of Marketing Practices. Marti DeLiema, assistant professor of social work at the University of Minnesota. Mark Frank, professor of communications at the University at Buffalo.   RESOURCES: "Cambodian Scam Tycoon Wanted by U.S. Extradited to China," by Gabriele Steinhauser (Wall Stree

Economists don’t usually talk about “culture.” But Joel Mokyr argues that it’s the engine of innovation — and the Nobel Prize committee agreed. Stephen Dubner sits down for a thousand-year conversation (including advice!) with the new Nobel laureate.   SOURCES: Joel Mokyr, economic historian at Northwestern University.   RESOURCES: Two Paths to Prosperity: Culture and Institutions in Europe and China, 1000–2000, by Avner Greif, Joel Mokyr, and, Guido Tabellini (2025). "The Outsize Role of Immigrants in US Innovation," by Shai Bernstein, Rebecca Diamond, Abhisit Jiranaphawiboon, Timo

Just beneath the surface of the global economy, there is a hidden layer of dealmakers for whom war, chaos, and sanctions can be a great business opportunity. In this updated episode from 2025, journalists Javier Blas and Jack Farchy help us shine a light on the shadowy realm of commodity traders.   SOURCES: Javier Blas, opinion columnist at Bloomberg News. Jack Farchy, energy and commodities senior reporter at Bloomberg News. RESOURCES: The World For Sale: Money, Power, and the Traders Who Barter the Earth's Resources, by Javier Blas and Jack Farchy (2021) The King of Oil: The Secr

... of bad reviews, meager financing, or artificial intelligence. But he is worried that the world is full of sloppy thinkers who mistake facts for the truth.   SOURCES: Werner Herzog, writer, filmmaker, and actor.   RESOURCES: The Future of Truth, by Werner Herzog (2025). Every Man for Himself and God Against All: A Memoir, by Werner Herzog (2023).   EXTRAS: "When Did We All Start Watching Documentaries?" by Freakonomics Radio (2025). "Werner Herzog Thinks His Films Are a Distraction," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2023). Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.ads

Existing drugs can sometimes be repurposed to treat rare diseases. But making that match can be hard — and the financial incentives are weak. Guest host Steve Levitt tries to solve the puzzle.   SOURCES: Chris Snyder, professor of economics at Dartmouth College. David Fajgenbaum, co-founder and president of Every Cure, physician-scientist at the University of Pennsylvania. Heather Stone, health science policy analyst at the Food & Drug Administration. Sarrin Chethik, senior policy analyst at the Market Shaping Accelerator.   RESOURCES: Chasing My Cure: A Doctor's Race to Turn Hope i

When Richard Thaler first published Nudge, the world was just starting to believe in his brand of behavioral economics. In this 2021 episode, we ask: How has nudge theory held up in the face of a global financial meltdown, a pandemic, and other existential crises?   SOURCES: Richard Thaler, professor of economics at the University of Chicago.   RESOURCES: Nudge: The Final Edition, by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein (2021). Sludge: What Stops Us from Getting Things Done and What to Do About It, by Cass Sunstein (2021). "Sludge: Americans Spend 11.4 Billion Hours Filling Out Federal Paperwor

The science says no, at least not in the athletic sense. But the psychic benefits can be large — just ask former N.F.L. star Ricky Williams. He says athletes should consider cannabis a healing drug, not a party drug. Even the N.F.L. is starting to agree. (Part two of a two-part series.)   SOURCES: Angela Bryan, professor, associate chair for faculty development in the department of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Ricky Williams, former N.F.L. running back, founder of Highsman.   RESOURCES: "Using A Lab On Wheels To Study Weed From Dispensaries," by Scienc

In sports, the rules are meant to be sacrosanct. But when it comes to performance-enhancing drugs, the slope is super-slippery. (Part one of a two-part series.)   SOURCES: April Henning, associate professor of international sport management at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland. Aron D'Souza, founder of the Enhanced Games. Floyd Landis, former professional cyclist, founder of Floyd's of Leadville. Louisa Thomas, staff writer at The New Yorker.   RESOURCES: Doping: A Sporting History, by April Henning and Paul Dimeo (2022). "The Man Who Brought Down Lance Armstrong," by Matt Hart

They used to be the N.F.L.’s biggest stars, with paychecks to match. Now their salaries are near the bottom, and their careers are shorter than ever. In this updated episode from 2025, we speak with an analytics guru, an agent, an economist, and some former running backs to understand why.   SOURCES: Brian Burke, sports data scientist at ESPN. Roland Fryer, professor of economics at Harvard University. LeSean McCoy, former running back in the N.F.L., co-host for Fox's daily studio show, "The Facility." Robert Smith, former running back for the Minnesota Vikings, N.F.L. analyst. Robert Turbin,

For 50 years, the healthcare industry has been trying (and failing) to harness the power of artificial intelligence. It may finally be ready for prime time. What will this mean for human doctors — and the rest of us? (Part four of “The Freakonomics Radio Guide to Getting Better.”)   SOURCES: Bob Wachter, professor, chair of the department of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. Pierre Elias, cardiologist, assistant professor of biomedical informatics at Columbia University, medical director for artificial intelligence at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.   RESOURCES: A Gian

Zeke Emanuel (a physician, medical ethicist, and policy wonk) has some different ideas for how to lead a healthy and meaningful life. It starts with ice cream. (Part three of “The Freakonomics Radio Guide to Getting Better.”)   SOURCES: Zeke Emanuel, oncologist, bioethicist, professor at the University of Pennsylvania.   RESOURCES: Eat Your Ice Cream: Six Simple Rules for a Long and Healthy Life, by Zeke Emanuel (2026). "Nutrition Science’s Most Preposterous Result," by David Merritt Johns (The Atlantic, 2023).   EXTRAS: "Is Ozempic as Magical as It Sounds?" by Freakonomics Radio (2024).

After five years, Levitt is ending People I (Mostly) Admire, and will start hosting the occasional Freakonomics Radio episode. We couldn’t be happier.   SOURCES: Steve Levitt, co-author of Freakonomics and host of People I (Mostly) Admire.   RESOURCES: "How to Help Kids Succeed," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2025). "Feeling Sound and Hearing Color," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2024). "Richard Dawkins on God, Genes, and Murderous Baby Cuckoos," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2024). "Arnold Schwarzenegger Has Some Advice for You," by People I (Mostly) Admire (2024). "Drawing from Life (and Dea

It regulates 20 percent of the U.S. economy, and its commissioner has an aggressive agenda — faster drug approvals, healthier food, cures for diabetes and cancer. How much can he deliver? (Part two of “The Freakonomics Radio Guide to Getting Better.”)   SOURCES: Marty Makary, commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration.   RESOURCES: "Clinical Trials Affected by Research Grant Terminations at the National Institutes of Health," by Vishal Patel, Michael Liu, and Anupam Jena (JAMA Internal Medicine, 2025). "What the evidence tells us about Tylenol, leucovorin, and autism," by Matthew Herp

We all want to stay sharp, and forestall the cognitive effects of aging. But do brain supplements actually work? Are they safe? And why doesn’t the F.D.A. even know what’s in them? (Part one of “The Freakonomics Radio Guide to Getting Better.”)   SOURCES: Marty Makary, commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration. Peter Attia, physician, author, and host of The Peter Attia Drive. Pieter Cohen, associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, physician at the Cambridge Health Alliance.   RESOURCES: "Protein Powders and Shakes Contain High Levels of Lead," by Paris Martineau (Co

One Yale economist certainly thinks so. But even if he’s right, are economists any better? We find out, in this update of a 2022 episode.   SOURCES: James Choi, professor of finance at the Yale School of Management. Morgan Housel, personal finance author and partner at the Collaborative Fund.   RESOURCES: The Art of Spending Money: Simple Choices for a Richer Life, by Morgan Housel (2025). “Popular Personal Financial Advice versus the Professors,” by James J. Choi (Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2022). “Media Persuasion and Consumption: Evidence from the Dave Ramsey Show,” by Felix Chopr

Behavioral scientists have been exploring whether a psychological reset can lead to lasting change. In this update of a 2021 episode, we survey evidence from the London Underground, Major League Baseball, and New Year’s resolutions to look at accidental fresh starts, forced fresh starts, fresh starts that backfire — and the ones that succeed.    SOURCES: Katy Milkman, professor at the Wharton School. Andy Byford, former commissioner of Transport for London. Ferdinand Rauch, economist at the University of St. Gallen. Hengchen Dai, professor at U.C.L.A.’s Anderson School of Management. Bob Tewk

A series of academic studies suggest that the wealthy are, to put it bluntly, selfish jerks. It’s an easy narrative to embrace — but is it true? As part of GiveDirectly’s “Pods Fight Poverty” campaign, we revisit a 2017 episode.   SOURCES: Jim Andreoni, professor of economics at the University of California, San Diego. Nikos Nikiforakis, professor of economics at New York University in Abu Dhabi. Paul Piff, associate professor of psychology at the University of California, Irvine. Jan Stoop, associate professor of applied economics at the Erasmus School of Economics.   RESOURCES: "Are the R

All sorts of people have put their mark on Messiah, and it has been a hit for nearly 300 years. How can a single piece of music thrive in so many settings? You could say it’s because Handel really knew how to write a banger. (Part three of “Making Messiah.”)   SOURCES: Charles King, political scientist at Georgetown University. Jane Glover, classical music scholar, conductor. Katharine Hogg, musicologist, head librarian at the Foundling Museum. Susannah Heschel, religion professor, chair of Jewish Studies at Dartmouth College. Mark Risinger, teacher at St. Bernard’s School. Michael Marissen,

In the 18th century, Handel relied on royal patronage. Today, it’s donors like Gary Parr who keep the music playing. In this bonus episode of our “Making Messiah” series, Parr breaks down the economics of the New York Philharmonic.   SOURCES: Gary Parr, senior managing director and on the management committee at Apollo, philanthropist.   RESOURCES: "A Notoriously Jinxed Concert Hall Is Reborn, Again," by Michael Kimmelman (New York Times, 2022). "Apollo’s New Guy Is a Legend in Banking, a Novice in Buyouts," by Sonali Basak (Bloomberg, 2017). “Handel’s Messiah,” performed by The London Symp

When he wrote Messiah (in 24 days), Handel was past his prime and nearly broke. One night in Dublin changed all that. (Part two of “Making Messiah.”)   SOURCES: Charles King, political scientist at Georgetown University. Chris Scobie, curator of music, manuscripts, and archives at the British Library. Ellen Harris, musicologist and professor emeritus at MIT. Mark Risinger, teacher at St. Bernard's School. Philip Rushforth, organist and master of the choristers at the Chester Cathedral. Proinnsías Ó Duinn, conductor and music director of Our Lady's Choral Society.   RESOURCES: Every Valley:

Why does an 18th-century Christian oratorio lend such comfort to our own turbulent times? Stephen Dubner sets out for Dublin to tell the story of George Frideric Handel’s Messiah. (Part one of “Making Messiah.”)   SOURCES: Charles King, political scientist at Georgetown University. Katrine Nyland Sørensen, Danish broadcaster, host of Handel's Messiah - The Advent Calendar. Mark Risinger, teacher at St. Bernard's School. Michael and Aileen Casey, Dublin conservationists. Proinnsías Ó Duinn, conductor and music director of Our Lady's Choral Society. Stuart Kinsella, tenor soloist and consort si

Macy’s wants to recapture its glorious past. The author of the Wimpy Kid books wants to rebuild his dilapidated hometown. We just want to listen in. (Part two of a two-part series, first published in 2024)   SOURCES: Mark Cohen, former professor and director of retail studies at Columbia Business School. Will Coss, vice president and executive producer of Macy’s Studios. Jeff Kinney, author, cartoonist, and owner of An Unlikely Story Bookstore and Café. Tony Spring, chairman and C.E.O. of Macy’s Inc.   RESOURCES: "How Macy’s CEO Tony Spring Is Turning the Retailer Around," by Suzanne Kapner

The iconic department store calls the parade its “gift to the nation.” With 30 million TV viewers, it’s also a big moneymaker — at least we think it is: when it comes to parade economics, Macy’s is famously tight-lipped. In this 2024 episode, we try to loosen them up. (Part one of a two-part series.)   SOURCES: John Cheney, carpenter at Macy’s Studios. Will Coss, vice president and executive producer of Macy’s Studios. Jeff Kinney, author, cartoonist, and owner of An Unlikely Story Bookstore and Café. Kevin Lynch, vice president of global helium at Messer. Jen Neal, executive vice president o

A Trump executive order is giving retail investors more access to private markets. Is that a golden opportunity — or fool’s gold?   SOURCES: Elisabeth de Fontenay, professor of law at Duke University. Steven Kaplan, professor of entrepreneurship and finance at the University of Chicago.   RESOURCES: "Democratizing Access to Alternative Assets for 401(k) Investors," (The White House, 2025). "The (Heterogeneous) Economic Effects of Private Equity Buyouts," by Steven J. Davis, John Haltiwanger, Kyle Handley, Ben Lipsius, Josh Lerner, and Javier Miranda (Management Science, 2025). "Risk-Adjuste

Thoroughbred auction prices keep setting records. But tracks are closing, gambling revenues are falling, and the sport is increasingly reliant on subsidies. Is that the kind of long shot anybody wants? (Part three of a series, “The Horse Is Us.”)   SOURCES: Anne Archer Hinkle, owner and director of Hinkle Farms. Cormac Breathnach, senior director of sales operations at Keeneland. Emily Plant, thoroughbred researcher and statistician, associate professor of marketing at the University of Montana. Mark Taylor, president of Taylor Made Farm. Marshall Gramm, horse player, professor of economics a

The world has changed a good bit since Freakonomics was first published. In this live anniversary episode, Stephen Dubner tells Geoff Bennett of PBS NewsHour everything he has learned since then. Happy birthday, Freakonomics.   SOURCES: Geoff Bennett, co-anchor and co-managing editor of PBS News Hour.   RESOURCES: Freakonomics Twentieth Anniversary Edition: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, by Stephen Dubner and Steve Levitt (2025). Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for adver

How does Kentucky keep itself atop the thoroughbred industry? Is a champion stallion really worth $200,000 per date? And how many hands can one jockey have? (Part two of a series, “The Horse Is Us.”)   SOURCES: Emily Plant, thoroughbred researcher and statistician. Jill Stowe, professor of economics at the University of Kentucky. Mark Taylor, president of Taylor Made Farm. Oscar Gonzales, vice chair of the California Horse Racing Board. Richard Migliore, head racing analyst for Fox Sports and New York Racing Association, retired jockey.   RESOURCES: "Horse racing industry braces for crackdo

For most of human history, horsepower made the world go. Then came the machines. So why are there still seven million horses in America? (Part one of a series, “The Horse Is Us.”)   SOURCES: Ann N. Greene, historian of 19th century America, retired professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Constance Hunter, chief economist at the Economist Intelligence Unit. Elizabeth Bortuzzo, professional horse rider. Mark Paul, professor of economics at Rutgers University. Peter Frankopan, professor of global history at Oxford History.   RESOURCES: "2023 Economic Impact Study of the U.S. Horse Industr

Spotify, Oracle, and Comcast have each recently announced they’re going with co-C.E.O.s. In this 2023 episode, we dig into the research and hear firsthand stories of triumph and disaster. Also: lessons from computer programmers, Simon and Garfunkel, and bears versus alligators.     SOURCES: Jim Balsillie, retired chairman and co-C.E.O. of Research In Motion. Mike Cannon-Brookes, co-founder and C.E.O. of Atlassian. Scott Farquhar, co-founder and former co-C.E.O. of Atlassian. Marc Feigen, C.E.O. advisor. Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, professor of management studies and senior associate dean at the Yale

The U.S. has a physician shortage, created in part by a century-old reform that shut down bad medical schools. But why haven’t we filled the gap? Why are some physicians so unhappy? And which is worse: a bad doctor or no doctor at all?   SOURCES: Karen Clay, professor of economics and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University. Rochelle Walensky, physician-scientist and former director of the CDC.   RESOURCES: "Medical School Closures, Market Adjustment, and Mortality in the Flexner Report Era," by Karen Clay, Grant Miller, Margarita Portnykh, and Ethan Schmick (National Bureau of Economic

For the 20th anniversary of Freakonomics, Debbie Millman of Design Matters interviews Stephen Dubner about his upbringing, his writing career, and why it's important to “swing your swing.” Plus: a sneak peek at a new project.   SOURCES: Debbie Millman, writer and host of Design Matters with Debbie Millman.   RESOURCES: "Stephen J. Dubner," by Design Matters with Debbie Millman (2025). Turbulent Souls: A Catholic Son's Return To His Jewish Family, by Stephen Dubner (1999). "Choosing My Religion," by Stephen Dubner (New York Times, 1996).   EXTRAS: "In Search of the Real Adam Smith," by Fre